World: r3wp

Yes, I am sure. The different pattern of behavior was why Carl added 
++ and --, since he needed something like this for mezzzanine code.

My viewpoint is, that ++ isn't the speedy native, many people would 
expect. When using ++ on a series, a new series is created. So ++ 
take one series and produce two, one is the original, which is incremented, 
the other is the return value, which is the old series position. 
This isn't very effective from a performance perspective.


If my NEXT function was implemented in the current NEXT native, it 
didn't have to produce another series, if called with a word. This 
will mean good performance.

++ doesn't create a new series, it just increments the index of the 
reference to the same series.

Same could be done with many other natives, if they were improved 
to also take words as arguments.

It does create a new series:

>> b: [a b c]
== [a b c]
>> same? ++ b b
== false


(I know, it's the same area of memory, but we have two set of series 
variables to work on that memory.)

A series reference fits into a value slot, so returning a reference 
to the same position doesn't take any more space than returning a 
reference to a different position. This means that there is nothing 
to be gained by losing the information.

Are you saying, e.g. an integer value take up the same amount of 
memory as a series ref.? Doesn't sound very effective, but you could 
be correct. :)

(Remember a series need info about the area, the head, tail, position.)

++ and -- return a reference to the previous position in order to 
lower the need for local temporary variables to save the previous 
position when you need to. Returning it means that information is 
not lost. Technically, since ++ and -- are modifying functions they 
don't need to return anything at all. The only reason they return 
that information is because it's valuable.

Yes, an integer takes up the same space as a series ref (though the 
series itself takes additional space). Though in R3 currently integers 
are 64bit and series refs are a 32bit pointer and a 32bit offset, 
so it's not as much of a waste as in R2 where integers are 32bit. 
For both though, the value slot is 128bit anyways. This is the price 
you pay for using variants.

This is from R2:

>> next b
== [b c]
>> stats/series
== [34304 26141 7434 231 498 497 406]
>> next b      
== [b c]
>> stats/series
== [34304 26145 7444 231 484 483 409]
>> ++ b
== [a b c]
>> stats/series
== [34304 26151 7454 231 468 467 412]
>> ++ b        
== [b c]
>> stats/series
== [34304 26157 7464 231 452 451 415]


You see, NEXT increment BLOCKS (2nd number) by 4 each time. ++ increment 
it by 6 each time. So ++ take up more memory.

I think, you assume too much, my young padawan! ;)

In R2, ++ and -- are mezzanines which I wrote, not natives. You are 
assuming too much :)

The R2 versions are optimized for R3 compatibility, not for efficiency. 
They are still efficient for mezzanine implementations of that behavior.

:) TouchŽ!

On the other hand, I really don't know how to interpretet the results 
of R2's STATS function, so I'm taking your word for it that the series 
are created by the ++ calls. Which numbers tell you this?

Got it. Series are 32 bit pointer and 32 bit offset. So no additional 
space is wasted by having ++ return as it does.

SAME? must work from the same index in the same series:

== [a b c]
>> same? a next a
== false

Henrik, yes. I'm trying to point out, that an additional index is 
created.

Brian, do

? stats


in R2. I read it, as the /series refinement show BLOCKS as the second 
number.

And a block here is a series index. Two blocks can share the same 
mem area for the actual content of the series.

The area, head, tail and such attributes of a series are in the series 
itself, not in the reference to the series. This is good because 
series references are copied every time they are passed to a function 
- REBOL is strictly pass-by-value. All return values are copied too.

Makes sense. So the additional mem for the series ref. is on the 
stack (or whatever data structure is used), and if that area is reused 
between additional computations, no mem is wasted by ++. Correct?

>> stats/series
== [16384 11618 4590 25 151 150 199]
>> a: [1 2 3]
== [1 2 3]
>> stats/series
== [16384 11623 4601 25 135 134 202]


Only one of those is the new block - the rest are overhead of either 
the STATS function or of the REPL loop itself, or runtime overhead, 
or call overhead, or assignment overhead. I'm starting to think that 
STATS/series isn't very useful.

Yes, stats/series eat 3 blocks each time, it's called.

No mem is wasted by ++ that isn't also wasted by NEXT.

AFAICT, that's no mem at all.

when I look at the extensions model, the references to series are 
just pointers to a series payload. but the start, *is* part of the 
reference, not the series data.  since values are 128 bits, you can 
have the pointer to the series and its head in the same value.

hope this makes sense.

Of course ++ and -- allocate error! values to trigger if they are 
called incorrectly, and the R2 version does a REDUCE as part of that 
error triggering call. But that's not the normal case.

Maxim, a series reference only contains a pointer to the internal 
series structure and either a pointer to the offset or a 32bit index 
(Carl could say which). The internal series structure could have 
a pointer to the start of the series, or it could be a header of 
the series data itself, depending on which is better for memory allocation. 
What you see in extensions are marshalled values, not regular R3 
stack frames or other value slots.

Command call frames are not made up of 128bit values, afaik, they 
are 64bit unions.

As for value slots, not all datatypes use all 128 bits. 32 bits are 
used for flags, and the payload could be 32 bits (as in char!), 64 
bits (series, integer, decimal) or up to 96 bits. The rest is wasted 
space. The value slots need to be the same size so you can set one 
of them to a different value without moving the rest in the block 
if that value is of a different type.

yep. but we don't have the xtra information which links the data 
in the core, we only get the data.   in the extensions, we get a 
some sort of internal reference to the series and the index.   this 
is how I see it working in the core too.   there is ample room for 
this info in 128 bits.

so we don't need to be really concerned about the serie *reference* 
being copied, anytime we play with a value, this happens anyways... 
as you said, argument calling copies them (lit-word probably refers 
instead).

Yup, but it's not in that 128 bits because it would cause problems 
with duplicated data that would need to be updated. The information 
kept in the value slot is limited for a reason.

Value slots are copied really often. Everything in them is a potential 
aliasing problem.

Strangely enough, port! values in R3 only use 32 bits for a pointer 
to the internal port structure. Everything else needs to go into 
the port structure itself, or else we'd get aliasing problems. We 
don't even get an offset integer for ports, because of the port model 
cleanup where all ports are now like R2's direct ports.

Who knows, what it would take to make REBOL 64 bit?

Well, the value slots would need to be bigger if we want to have 
both 64bit pointers and 64bit series sizes. If we just had 32bit 
series sizes then 128bit would be plenty (remember the 32bit flags 
means that we only have 96 bits for the payload). We could also have 
32bit handles to series, adding a layer of indirection, and then 
have a limit on the number of series, not the size. We already have 
64bit integers.

Is it possible to bind a function's body to a new context in R3? 
In R2, it can be done with

	bind second :f new-context

Yes

As follows:

    f: make function! reduce [spec body]
    bind body new-context

How?

ok

So, I suppose it is a safety measure: without having the function 
body available, you cannot do it.

I get some errors (under OS X):

>> bind 'body o
** Script error: body is not in the specified context
>> bind [body] o 
== [body]
>> f 1
** Script error: a has no value

My f, body and o are defined this way:

>> f: func [v] body: [v + a] 
>> o: context [a: 1]

Hm, I did it wrong, I think, but still doesn't work with:

	bind body o

Still wrong

:) I need a language without BIND!